Crime Rates Essay

What we for the most part have at the top of the priority list when we talk about the crime percentages is a verifiable truth that crime percentages are expanding. So,people who are identified with this issue should attempt to discover an answer to tackle the issue .Up to now numerous nations have attempted to diminish crime percentages. However,many of them have fizzled .Everybody has a huge jobs to diminish the crime percentages, for example, guardians and governments. As a matter of first importance, it merits remembering that guardians should prepare their youngsters so kids won't change the crime percentages .Thus,crime rates won't increment . Guardians should bring issues to light their youngsters on the grounds that as per research led kids who are cognizant about wrongdoing don't carry out a wrongdoing other than guardians ought not leave unattended their kids in light of the fact that for the most part meandering kids have measure of impact on the wrongdoing rates.Also guardians ought to be keen on their kids .Experts said that slummy individual include in a wrongdoing effectively .Therefore guardians deal with their kids. Peruse more:Â Increasing Crime Rate in Today’s Society in India It is to wrap things up governments should make arrangement as battle with wrongdoings since analysts accept that just if governments connect significance to crime percentages , would they be able to diminish the crime percentages .Governments ought to give types of gear in order to defeat to crimes.Thanks to more supplies , governments can lessen the crime percentages .Governments ought to be in contact with different governments in light of the fact that expanding of the crime percentages are not appear to be only one government.So, they can help each other about this circumstance. To summarize Ä ±t ought to be noticed that guardians have a lot of impact as diminishing the crime percentages .Nowadays every fragment of society is searching for an approach to unravel as abatement the crime percentages.

Final Project AAT Essay Example for Free

Last Project AAT Essay 1.TERMS OF REFERENCE 1.1 The report has been set up to cover the prerequisites of the AAT Unit â€Å"Internal Control and Accounting Systems†. 1.2 The targets of the report are to examine the bookkeeping capacity at Inkwell Ltd and to distinguish any shortcomings, with the goal that suggestions for the execution of an as good as ever framework can be set up, so as to limit blunders and to forestall misrepresentation. 2. Official SUMMARY 2.1 The point of the report is to break down and assess the current inner control framework and records receivable record of Inkwell Ltd. 2.2 The discoveries of the examination featured the streaming shortcomings: The Retail shops use independent PCs which are not associated with the system. Absence of safety efforts set up to shield the touchy individual information hung on people, and rebelliousness with the Data Protection of 1998. Rebelliousness with organization approach, as updates just completed once every day. Information lost because of rare back-ups are expensive in both time and cash. The retail shops have a messy way to deal with money the executives. Money just banked two times every week. The organization doesn't create or give any guidance and help guides, which workers can allude to so as to discover help and counsel. The organization don't have possibilities set up for staff nonattendances because of ailment or yearly leave There is no support for representatives to go to instructional classes. Passwords utilized are not adequate to keep up a satisfactory degree of security. The organization utilizes an in the nick of time arrangement of creation, and any unexpected maintains in conveyance can cause delays and may affect the company’s notoriety. There are inadequate control and observing systems did by senior staff. The organization permits clients to pay with a money order. The organization doesn't lead execution examinations. The organization doesn't direct customary workforce conferences. The executives not maintaining morals and trustworthiness, and not rehearsing their own arrangements in this way making a perfect domain for extortion and untrustworthy practices to be submitted. Staff deficiencies adding to preparing postponements of deals solicitations. 2.3 Proposals and suggestions have been made to help make enhancements which will build the company’s execution and productivity and to helpâ create hostile to extortion condition. 3. Technique 3.1 The exploration led to make this report was principally acquired from information given from the AAT site, the Internet, and reference reading material. 3.2 A time of four months was taken to screen the Internal Controls framework and Accounts Receivable Ledger to assemble adequate information so as to arrange the report. 3.3 A gathering was organized with Inkwell’s Finance Director and Company Accountant to talk about the regions of concern and the methods that should have been actualized to make appropriate upgrades. 4. Presentation 4.1 Inkwell Ltd is an enormous private restricted organization inside the private segment, providing a total scope of re-fabricated inkjet and laser toner cartridges to its clients. Items can be bought from either the company’s sixty across the country chain of high road shops, which are arranged in the greater part of the UK urban areas and enormous towns, or from their on-line shop office which is available twenty-four hours each day of the week. 4.2 The organization is controlled by three chiefs who are the fundamental leaders. Inkwell Ltd was made seven years prior by two of the chiefs, Mr Paul Farnon (Managing Director) and Ms Victoria Dawson (Sales Director). Mr Anil Gupta (Finance Director) joined Inkwell in the wake of putting resources into the organization two years prior. The organization shares are possessed by inward partners as it were. 100% of the offers are part between the executives, with the Managing Director being the dominant part investor with possessions of 40% and different chiefs each holding 30% of the offers. 4.3 Their administrative center is arranged in a modern domain, situated in Birmingham, where the supervisory crew, accounts division, on-line shop and enormous focal stockroom are totally found. The organization has dynamically developed since it was at first set up and as of now utilizes one hundred and eighty full-time representatives, and has detailed income of more than sixteen million pounds. . 4.4 Inkwell has a crucial gotten naturally cordial and advances this by guaranteeing that they keep on endeavoring towards accomplishing a greener ecological future, without endangering or involving the nature of their items and notoriety. The organization guarantees that items meet with 100% quality fulfillment ensure, and has made a guarantee that should certain conditions not be satisfied; that the company’s approach of supplanting the items without dismissal, will be clung to without influencing the customer’s legal rights. The organization guarantees their clients that the reused cartridges, which are less expensive than the veritable, unique items by up to 20%, will meet or surpass the nature of the first cartridges. 4.5 80% of Inkwell’s deals are bought by non-exchange clients. Exchange clients speak to the staying 20%, and these clients are provided products on layaway standing of between thirty to sixty days. 4.6 The Finance Director, who claims 30% of the company’s offers and reports straightforwardly to the Managing Director, is able to BSc and FCMA principles, and has worked for the Inkwell Ltd for a long time on a full-time premise. This Director is endowed to guarantee that all the monetary systems, bolster the points of the business and to recognize openings so as to accomplish more prominent effectiveness and cost investment funds, just as driving maintainable and productive development and advancing gainfulness and investor esteem 4.7 The Company Accountant, who reports straightforwardly to the Financial Director, is AAT and ACCA qualified and has worked for Inkwell Ltd for a long time on a full-time premise. The Accountant consents, examinations and produces the company’s quarterly and yearly budget summaries 4.8 The Accounting Technician, who reports straightforwardly to the Company Accountant, has worked for Inkwell Ltd for a half year on a full-time premise. This representative has pertinent experience yet doesn't presently have any bookkeeping capabilities. Be that as it may, the Technician is as of now reading for the AAT capability, with the point of breezing through the tests inside the next year. 4.9 The General Ledger Clerk, who reports straightforwardly to the Company Accountant, has worked for Inkwell Ltd for a long time on a full-time premise. This employee’s head duties are to enter budgetary information into the PC framework, so as to deliver month to month preliminary adjusts. This agent doesn't have any bookkeeping capabilities. 4.10 The Accounts Payable Clerk, who reports legitimately to the Company Accountant, has worked for Inkwell Ltd for a long time on low maintenance premise, and as of now holds a level two AAT capability, however has communicated an enthusiasm for advancing on to the following level. 4.11 The Accounts Receivable Clerk, who reports legitimately to the Company Accountant, has worked for Inkwell Ltd for a long time on low maintenance premise. This assistant has worked beforehand inside the bookkeeping business, yet doesn't right now have any significant capabilities. 4.12 The Costing Technician, who reports straightforwardly to the Company Accountant, isâ highly experienced and skilled inside this job and has worked for Inkwell Ltd for a long time on a full-time premise. This representative doesn't as of now have any significant capabilities and has communicated their hesitance and reluctance to take an interest on any preparation exercises 4.13 The Payroll Clerk, who reports to the Company Accountant, has a level two AAT Accounting capability, and is excited about advancing further. This worker has worked for Inkwell Ltd for four months on a full-time premise, and has constrained understanding of working inside a finance division. 5.REVIEW OF THE ACCOUNTS SYSTEM 5.1 Inkwell’s strategy for their enormous business clients is for the most part to exchange on a money with-request reason for the underlying three months of custom, and utilizations the administrations of a credit reference office which leads the fundamental credit checks. The Accounts Receivable Clerk is liable for doing the credit checking strategies, and subsequent to liaising with the Sales Director in regards to accounts which require a credit breaking point of more than  £1,000 every month, suggests reasonable credit terms. This is a quality of the bookkeeping framework in that by utilizing the credit reference organization it will decide the capacity of new clients to pay their obligations. This will forestall extortion in that clients would not have the option to buy merchandise purposely that they couldn't stand to pay for them, so expanding income. This will likewise affect the respectability of the client. Anyway the shortcoming ought to be that a full cutoff ought to be set, in that the client isn't permitted to go over a complete breaking point, in any case the client could do four or five months exchanging up to  £5,000 and this would raise further in the event that they were non payers, which means the obligations are bound to turn sour. This would affect the income of the business. 5.2 All new credit cutoff points and changes to existing furthest reaches of more  £5,000 every month, must be endorsed by the Financial Director. Hazard the board isâ essential for a company’s endurance and achievement. This is a quality in the organization as any expansion in limits must be approved by a senior individual from the fund group. This will diminish the danger of misrepresentation, in that no individual has power over the client accounts, and can broaden limits for clients for their very own benefit. 5.3 A potential client might need to know the cost of the products before concluding whether to continue with a proposed exchange, and will demand a statement eit

Three Weeks

Three Weeks Ive only been here for a few weeks, but here already feels like home. There are things I miss about real home too. Like my high school friends, or my moms cooking, or the generally lethargic mood of my old neighborhood. In regards to the latter, it is the exact opposite here at MIT. From my FPOP (Freshman Pre-Orientation Program) to Orientation to the first week of classes, I dont think Ive ever taken a day off to relax. Everywhere I turn my head, I see vibrant signs of life. People are painting glow-in-the-dark murals on blacklit walls. People are spinning poi lit on fire. East Campus is building a carousel and a gigantic wooden fort. People are diving into ball pits at Simmons. An upperclassman shows me how to slackline outside Kresge Oval. I found myself returning to East Campus time and time again, and since I was temped here in the first place, I decided to stay. At first East Campus intimidated me, with its constant whirring of screwdrivers and construction and fire. But looking a little closer, it wasnt hard to see that East Campus had a niche for everyone. There were video gamers and literary buffs, classical music lovers and EDM artists, introverts and extroverts, and everyone in between. my room in 5th west is kinda messy I like it here. I dont want to leave. I love it here. IHTFP. My name is Joonho, but I also go by Joon. This is an introduction of many senses and forms. First, this is a literal introduction to this new blogging adventure. Hello! I certainly feel the impostor syndrome slightly creeping in, where I sometimes question my ability to share my experiences effectively with all you wonderful internet people. I hope this feeling goes away eventually. Second, I am currently being introduced to MIT. Professors are quirky and funny and sometimes cringey. Dining hall food varies from pretty bad to pretty darn great, depending on how much travel distance along Memorial Drive youre willing to invest. Building numbers weave in and out like needle and thread (7, 3, 10, 4, 8, 16, 26), and staircases everywhere make me feel like a first year at Hogwarts. Everything seems and sounds so shiny and new, to the point where I couldnt possibly see the magic of this place going away for me. This is the place Ive dreamed of for most of my life, and deep inside I find a rare form of happiness that Ive been waiting to feel for a very long time. my 18.022 professor has a tally of how many mistakes hes made ^_^; At the moment, Im sitting cross-legged on a floor of Maseeh with my FPOP friends. Everyone is working on their first problem sets of the year. My friend next to me is struggling with the same 8.01 problem I am. I think Ill go help her right now. :)

Importance of Studying the Business Environment. - 684 Words

BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT. The business environment is the aggregate of all conditions, events, and influences that surround and affect a business firm. Business environment generally refers to the external factors affecting, either positively or negatively, the operation of a firm. The most important external factors include economic, legal, political, social and technological factors Business environment is classified as follows:- (a) Internal Environment: These are the environmental factors which include :- (i) Man (ii) Machine (iii) Material (iv) Material (v) Management (b) External Environment : they are classified as†¦show more content†¦A firm may be strong in certain areas; where as it may be weak in some other areas. The firm should identify sue weakness so as to correct them as early as possible. (3) Identification of Opportunities: An analysis of the external environment helps the business firm to identify the opportunities in the market. The business firm should make every possible effort to grab the opportunities as and when they come. (4) Identification of Threats: Business may be subject to threats from competitors and others. Therefore environmental analysis helps to identify threats from the environment identification of threats at an earlier date is always beneficial to the firm as it helps to defuse the same. (5) Exploitation of Business Opportunities: Environment opens new opportunities for the expansion of business activities. Study of environment is necessary in order to discover and exploit such opportunities fully. (6) Keeping Business Enterprise Alert: Environment study is needed as it keeps the business unit alert in its approach and activities. In the absence of environmental changes, the business activities will be dull and lifeless. The problems amp; prospects of business can be understood properly through the study of business environment. This enables an enterprise to face the problems with confidence and secure the maximum benefits of business opportunities available. (7) Keeping Business FlexibleShow MoreRelatedReflective Report : Look The Module Description845 Words   |  4 Pageswould like to address here in this report some the most importance elements about what I have learned in this course up to now(MSc in public service). meanwhile, it must be said that some of these knowledge acquired is due to the environment surrounding me. I have been studying throughout this course moving from one module to another. such as, Marketing in an International context, Management organisational behaviour, Management environment and the most interesting one for me is the internationalRead MoreStrategic Management : Strategic And Innovation Within A Business Or Industry1346 Words   |  6 PagesDefining Strategic Management The definition of strategic management continues to transform over time which coincides directly with the unremitting modernization of business. Strategic management is understood as the implementation of a strategy statement to establish competitive advantage and innovation within a business or industry. There is no concise, comprehensive definition of strategic management, but there are common themes that assist in understanding strategic management today. EffectiveRead MoreTime Management1233 Words   |  5 Pagesthought of when describing task related to business management or executive positions; those who have meetings and appointments related to business deals as well as meeting deadlines and time lines. However, time management is something everyone will have to deal with no matter the task or job. The following essay will describe time management and its importance in the work place as well as its importance for those who use it on a more personal level such as studying and learning. The essay will also exploreRead MoreApproaches to Environment Education1570 Words   |  7 PagesASSIGNMENT ON PAPER I EDUCATION IN EMERGING INDIA TOPIC: Approaches to Environmental Education Environmental Education has been described as education for the environment, education about the environment and education through the environment. It is the process of recognizing values and clarifying concepts in order to develop skills and attitudes necessary to understand and appreciate the inter-relatedness among man, his culture, and his biophysical surroundings. EnvironmentalRead MoreAnalysis Of Freeland s Effect On The University1364 Words   |  6 Pagesprofitable and enroll more students. Business strategy Customers The customers are students who have to pay for studying in NU. The more students were enrolled, the more revenue the university would generate. However, when Freeland took over NU, there was a reduction in the students’ enrollment. Increasing the number of students was crucial for sustaining NU’s business development. Freeland’s taking over of NU was in a time when people began to realize the importance of education background, which wasRead MorePursuing My Masters Degree in Business Administration982 Words   |  4 Pagescalm and focus† this has made me overcome all the odd situations. My interest for business administration started on high-school when I took up commerce stream . We had a good set of faculties who taught us basics of commerce and importance of accounting. I took part in many group activities and showed involvement in participating other events which helped me to develop leadership managerial skills and the importance of being punctual. B eing punctual and staying with time helps a person to accomplishRead Moreplanning and controlling1118 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿PLANNING To establish and operate an effective organization, all managers perform several major functions or activities. These functions enable managers to create a positive work environment and   to provide the opportunities and incentives. The key   management functions include   -Planning -Organizing -Directing   -Controlling. Each of these functions are critical to the success of any manager and organizations. The primary function of the four is PLANNING. Planning is the processRead MoreThe Concept of International New Ventures620 Words   |  3 Pagesunderlying success in the international business environment? Give reasons for your answer. International New Ventures (INV)are firms who target the international market while lunching their operations (Shenkar and Luo P 11) unlike the traditionally operating firms who target the domestic market before exporting to other countries. In their article, â€Å"Toward a Theory of International New Ventures†, published in 1994 Oviatt and McDougall defined the INV as a â€Å"business organization that, from inceptionRead MoreEthics And Ethics Of Business Ethics1624 Words   |  7 Pagesinvestors losing their retirement accounts and many employees lost their jobs (Accounting-Degree.org, 2015). Crane and Matten (2010) argue â€Å"After all, despite many years of business ethics being researched and taught in colleges and universities, ethics problems persist and the public remains sceptical of the ethics of business†. The big problem we face is that ethical standards are declining because of insider trading of stocks and bonds, bribery, falsifying documents, deceptive advertising, defectiveRead MoreLink Between Emotional Intelligence and Cross-Cultural Leadership1033 Words   |  5 PagesReilly, A.H. and Karounos, T.J. (2009), â€Å"Exploring the Link between Emotional Intelligence and Cross-Cultural Le adership Effectiveness†, Journal of International Business and Cultural Studies, Vol. 1, Feb. 2009, pp. 1 – 13. Introduction Along with the globalization of business, many corporations are facing the challenge of operating in a different culture. The writers made a connection between emotional intelligence and cross-cultural leadership effectiveness to deal with this situation, this

The Legacy Of The Kennedy - 1056 Words

The Kennedy family name is synonymous with fame and fortune and â€Å"perfection†. But things have never been perfect behind the scenes of one of the most powerful families in American history. The first well-known Kennedy was Joseph Kennedy. He went to school at Harvard, but he was not very liked due to his religious practices. He did get married two years after his graduation to Rose Fitzgerald daughter of the Boston Mayor.(â€Å"Joseph Kennedy†2). They had a total of nine children; Joseph Jr., John (Jack), Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert (Bobby), Jean, and Edward (Ted).(â€Å"Joseph Kennedy†2). This was a very large family and he was able to support them with his work. The Kennedys were one of the most famous families in politics. People†¦show more content†¦A search party was set out to find the three and within the next day the bodies were found at the bottom of the ocean. The apparent reasoning was not found out until weeks or months l ater according to Wilson. Potential reasons the accident could have happened include mechanical failure, and whether Kennedy s flying was impeded by an injury to his right foot he recently sustained while para ­gliding.(Wilson 2) The most depressing Kennedy story is of Rosemary Kennedy. As I was reading the article I was saddened by what had happened to Rosemary. She was 23 when she disappeared from the public eye. What happened to her is the worst case in the Kennedy family. Both parents believed that Rosemary could be â€Å"cured† through a combination of holding her to the same standard as her siblings, specialized education and experimental injections(Hapsis 3) The reason no one ever heard what happened is because Joe Kennedy wanted no one to know the evil he had done. Joe had chosen a surgical procedure, without talking to his wife, where a lobotomy was performed on her to try and make Rosemary â€Å"normal†. The lobotomy did not do this, it caused Rosemary to regress to the mental age of a two-year-old and because of this she could not walk or talk( Hapsis 6). According to Hapsis, Rosemary was no longer mentioned in family letters after 1944, and no one visited her until 1958 when John sec retly went to see her. Rosemary’s death was one of the only natural deaths, she died from old age. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Legacy Of The Kennedy Hope947 Words   |  4 PagesThe Kennedy Hope 1961 was a year of renewal and hope for American and its allies through the election of 1960 and a new young vigorous president; John F. Kennedy. Young and full of energy President Kennedy gave America hope through courage, re-invention, and pioneered that path forward for America and its people. The election of President Kennedy to the highest office in the land of freedom and opportunity brought new hope, dedication, and power through superiority to America and the world. FirstRead MoreThe Legacy Of John F. Kennedy1176 Words   |  5 PagesJohn F. Kennedy did a lot for our country although his presidential term was cut short. He had a certain allure to him that Americans liked. Kennedy knew what to do to gain the votes of all different types of voters no matter their age, race, or religion. His campaign and presidency have inspired even today’s presidents and presidential candidates in multiple ways. John F. Kennedy was a spectacular man and president that brought a fresh feel to America and who left a legacy that will never be forgottenRead MoreThe Legacy Of John Fitzgerald Kennedy1748 Words   |  7 PagesJanuary of 1961, John Fitzgerald Kennedy (or â€Å"JFK†) was the youngest president to ever hold office, as well as the first catholic. Following a heroic tour in the Navy during World War II, with the backing of his father’s immense wealth JFK abandoned a career in journalism to fulfill his deceased brother’s dream of becoming the first catholic president (Freidal and Sidey). After writing two best-selling books and rapidly advancing through political offices, Kennedy ran for president in the electionRead MoreThe Legacy of John F. Kennedy1129 Words   |  5 PagesPresidents relate in life and none in death. Most people know John F. Kennedy as the 35th President of the United States, the youngest president, and one of fewest presidents that was killed. But what was JFKs legacy? JFK was born on May, 29th, 1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts, a quiet, clam suburb in Boston. As a child John F. Kennedy was mostly referred to the name Jack, by friends and family. His parents, Rose and Joseph Kennedy were too involved with social rank and their place in Bostons highRead MoreThe Legacy of John F. Kennedy1917 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is a legacy? Is it strictly a visible, touchable object? A legacy is not just an object that people can see; it can be a dream or an idea. Although his life came to a tragic end, John F. Kennedy was one of the many presidents that served his term of presidency with compassion and dedication, and also, he left behind an unforgettable legacy to live on for the generations to come. His legacy was both an idea and dream that still affects many Americans today, as he led people to believe that heRead MoreThe Legacy Of John F. Kennedy1085 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy made history as America’s youngest and first Cath olic President. JFK, or â€Å"Jack† Kennedy, was born into a wealthy family, who were considered American royalty. Jack Kennedy was only our President for a few short years, but the stories of his assassination and his legacy live on today. President Kennedy was easily one of America’s most famous leaders of all time. John F. Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, on May 29, 1917. Jack was the second of nine children bornRead MoreThe Legacy Of John F Kennedy1142 Words   |  5 PagesDemocrat that stood with his hand on the living holy scripture would not only be known as the youngest man to enter the sacred halls of the White House, but also as the one that entrusted his heart and soul for the love of his nation. John Fitzgerald Kennedy recited what seemed like ancient words bound within the inaugural speech with more than a noticeable Boston pronunciation. The unforeseen knowledge that this young senator would be the victim of a deadly attack left the world innocent. This decoratedRead MoreThe Legacy Of John F. Kennedy980 Words   |  4 PagesBorn in 1917, John F. Kennedy grew up in a wealthy family with influence both politically, and economically. His grandfather was a famous politician, his father a billionaire, and his brothers he grew up with would go on to become well known polit icians. Growing up in a family like this, it would appear hard to distinguish yourself, however, JFK would go on to surpass them all by becoming the 35th, and perhaps most beloved president of the United States. As president JFK was popular. He was youngRead MoreThe Leadership And Legacy Of John Fitzgerald Kennedy3150 Words   |  13 PagesCamelot: The Leadership and Legacy of John Fitzgerald Kennedy Carson Ray Senior Division Individual Historical Paper Paper Length: 2,470 words To the average person, Camelot was an era of promise, hope, perfection, and the struggle for equality. It was America’s only real with national royalty as the people looked to the president and first lady for fashion, their connections to Hollywood and the very rich, and how to comport themselves in a most glamorous manner..Read MoreLeadership And Legacy Of John F. Kennedy1388 Words   |  6 PagesJohn F. Kennedy His Leadership Legacy John F. Kennedy was born on May 29, 1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts and was known as (Jack). He was the son of Joseph P. Kennedy, an ambassador to Great Britain during Franklin D. Roosevelt administration. The Kennedy’s were one of the wealth family in American. He was one of the most important leader in America. When he graduated from Harvard University in 1940 he wrote a winning note with his publication of â€Å"Why England Slept†, it was an expansion

Agromas Free Essays

string(66) " the development of the product, the market and the entrepreneur\." [pic] UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY MARA UiTM SHAH ALAM BRM 681 BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY PERFORMANCE DETERMINANTS OF FAMA’S AGROMAS PRODUCTS IN SHAH ALAM PREPARED FOR: DR. NOORAINI MOHAMAD SHERIFF PREPARED BY: FARIDAH NOR MOHD MOKHTAR 2011514043 MOHD ADY AZRI ISLAKHUDDIN 2011729145 NUR ZULAIKHA ABD AZIZ 2011356423 SITI KHADIJAH MOHD MOKHTAR 2011926713 CLASS: BM 7701CF TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTERS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Agromas or any similar topic only for you Order Now Background of Study 1 2. Background of Company 2 3. Scope of Study 5 4. Problem Statement 5 . Research Objectives7 6. Research Questions8 7. Theoretical Framework8 8. Significance of Study8 9. Limitations of Study9 2. LITERATURE REVIEW10 1. Introduction 10 2. Sales Performance10 3. Promotion Effectiveness11 4. Availability of Product12 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY14 1. Research Design14 2. Sampling Frame14 3. Sample Size14 4. Sampling Technique15 5. Data Unit Analysis15 6. Data Collection Procedures15 7. Survey Instrument 15 8. Validity Instrument16 9. Data Analysis Plan 16 4. REFERENCES17 APENDIXES19 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION As far as eating-out is concerned, Malaysia is one of the countries in the world where a family can afford to eat out almost every day of the week. Depending on one’s budget, the choice of eating places can range from posh hotels and chic sidewalk cafes to fast-food joints and hawker stalls. The variety of international and local cuisines available in almost all major commercial centers has influenced consumer’s desires, tastes and preferences. One thing that can be noticed about the Malaysian nowadays, they are more driven towards fast, easy and instant product. This is noticeable more on the urban area where most people are having a very busy lifestyle. Malaysia’s consumer lifestyle has been evolving and changing due to rising of affluence and education levels. So this is the other factor that consumer today are concern towards fast, easy and instant product consumption. Malaysians are becoming more westernized, sophisticated and cosmopolitan. Admenment 1. Background of Study Although the fast growth in sales of instant food products has intrigued researchers’ interests, most existing research on the food industry has dealt with marketing strategies more than consumer’s behavior. Without in depth understanding of consumer behavior for this product category, it is difficult to devise effective marketing strategies. Furthermore, there are numerous studies regarding consumer’s attitudes and purchase behaviors the food products. It is also to be remembered that well organized production process and innovative product are in vain, if the consumer doesn’t like it, then the product is not viable in the market. It is necessary to recognizing the consumer behavior at the product and it is important to know what strategies of marketing that the products need to apply in order to increase sales performance. Availability of certain product itself also gives big impact to company sales performance. For deep understand of sales performance, it necessary to look out company products as well as marketing strategies that they used. The  Pareto principle  also known as the  80–20 rule, states that, for many events, roughly 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes. However in business situations it can be define as â€Å"80% of your profits come from 20% of your product†. Based on researchers study, researchers only focus one roduct that most generate sales in the company which is instant coffee. 2. Background of Company Established on 30 September 1956, the Federal Agriculture Marketing Authority (FAMA) is a marketing agency established by the Government under the Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry. As the Government’s marketing arm for agricultural products, FAMA is responsible for various marketing activities. Amongst its responsibilities are to set targets and product standards, monitor performance, as well as develop marketing strategies for Malaysian agricultural products. Moreover, it also runs the purposes to supervise, coordinate, regulate and develop the Malaysian agriculture produce, including import and export. FAMA organizes marketing activities, set targets and product standards, monitor performance, develop marketing strategies and tools as well as initiate innovative programs to promote Malaysian agricultural products. FAMA organizes promotional and national branding particularly for local agriculture produce producer and marketer to help them gain a market share in domestic and international markets. It give the intention towards the efforts on developing agriculture produce and food products exporter and entrepreneur and developing Malaysia’s Best and OleMas and/or AgroMas brands. 1. VISION To be the paramount leader in food marketing and agricultural produce. 2. MISSION Develop food marketing chain and agricultural produce that is efficient and effective to increase value to our clients. 3. OBJECTIVES a) Realizing ? Wawasan Negara and Dasar Pertanian Negara ? to make Malaysia as world food major producer through the efficiency and effectiveness for agriculture food product. ) Marketing infrastructure development and supply chain system that is efficient and effective. c) Market developments on agricultural food produces and increase the demand of it internally and outside the country. d) Driving human resource capability in knowledge based agricultural marketing and latest technology. 4. MAIN FUNCTION a) Coordinate agriculture marketing activities whether which involves private party or department / government agency. b) Improve marketing system and expand also to develop new market for Malaysian agriculture results. ) Collaborate with private party and department / government agency to create agricultural marketing with efficient and effective. d) Develop management that is efficient in agro-industry over marketing activity or agricultural products processing, and e) Involve directly in agriculture industry especially in marketing activity or agricultural products processing. 5. MARKETING CONTRACT (AGROMAS) Under the Federal Agriculture Marketing Authority (FAMA), there are two main brands that they market that are AgroMas and OLE MAS. AgroMas is brand that was developed by FAMA which responsible FAMA market that products. FAMA has introduced the â€Å"AgroMas† brand to promote agro products that have the potential for the domestic and export markets. FAMA had been using the AgroMas brand in assisting the development of agricultural products, particularly food products manufactured by SMIs, by expanding their markets, enhancing profitability of the enterprises and adding value to the selected fresh produce. Under the processed-food marketing division, FAMA focuses on the development of the product, the market and the entrepreneur. You read "Agromas" in category "Essay examples" This approach has helped the agro-based processed-food entrepreneurs to become FAMA vendors. The agricultural products carrying the AgroMas branding must conform to quality and standards set by FAMA and must undergo a stringent assessment procedure. Before the food products could adopt the AgroMas branding, FAMA would identify those with high market potential by carrying out assessment based on factors such as factory hygiene, customer’s feedback and capability of the product in meeting market demands. Only after passing a stringent assessment procedure would FAMA committee decides whether the product is fit to bear the AgroMas label. Since last year, 2010, more and more new products under AgroMas brand name are developed as FAMA aims at boosting its sales through AgroMas brand, it has identified several unfailing marketing strategies. To date, there are some 34 agricultural products as well as SMIs that are using the AgroMas brand. For the global market, FAMA is collaborating with local companies with marketing network overseas. There are several AgroMas food products have already penetrated the international market, among others in Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei, Indonesia, West Asian countries and the European Union. Apart from expanding geographically, FAMA is also increasing distribution of AgroMas food products that are in high demands. This is to make the products available more widely in the general consumer market. Presently AgroMas food products can only be found at selected supermarket such as Giant, Tesco, Carrefour, Mydin and their own FAMA AgroBazaar outlet stores. 3. Scope of Study This study is being conducted in the area of Shah Alam to look at the factors that poor sales performance of AgroMas. This study will involve the customers of Agro products. This study also will involve 100 respondents and will be distribute. 4. Problem Statement AgroMas seems to be a product of Malaysia that had been in the market for a very long time. They have the quality, great packaging, and as well strong brand name and among the finest taste of Malaysian brand. Under the processed-food marketing division, FAMA focuses on the development of the product, the market and the entrepreneur. This is to assist towards the development of agricultural products, particularly food products manufactured by SMIs. As for the development of more products being introduced in the market, it is expecting increasing market growth from it as to promote agro products that have the potential for the domestic and export markets. However, the problem faced by AgroMas is that they are having poor sales performance. Agromas actually are target to increase their sales at least 20% per year but unfortunately their just able to archived average growth rate 13. 33% since 2008. To know view and what problem that faced by AgroMas, we had personally interview En. Noor A’zizi Omar, the Economic Affairs Assistant Officer at FAMA Shah Alam and he had mention about this problem faced by AgroMas. He said that, one of the reasons why AgroMas sales performance is poor because ineffective of promotional mix. If not, of course AgroMas have been expand more markets and well known by more Malaysian consumers. He added that AgroMas team actually had produce TV commercials and billboard advertisement along certain highways but them still not having good sales performance. He also said, to measure sales performance there are involved 3 steps which are, first is based on order received, second is outflow of stock and lastly is when company received payment from customers. |Year |2008 |2009 |2010 |2011 | |Sales (RM) |112,240 |134,688 |161,626 |193,951 | |Increase % |- |20 |20 |20 | Table 1: Expected Annual sales by year Table above show the expected sales that should be received by AgroMas but because of ineffective of promotion mix there are failure to achieve their target. |Year |2008 |2009 |2010 |2011 | |Sales (RM) |112,240 |125,709 |135,766 |150,700 | |Increase % |- |12 |8 |11 | Table 2: Actual Annual sales by year Table above show the actual annual sales received by AgroMas. It shows that the higher sales rate just only 12% which is in 2009 and the lowest sales rate is only 8%. This is not achieving AgroMas target for sales which is expected to increase sales up to 20% per year. For more understanding regarding the expected and actual sales performance for AgroMas for determinants of poor performance sales, we can refer to graph below: [pic]Source: Myfinancial – Selangor State Commodity Report. Graph 1: AgroMas Annual Sales by Year As from the AgroMas annual sales graph attached above, it had showed slightly increases of sales throughout the past four (4) years from 2008 till 2011. But unfortunately, the slightly increasing sale of AgroMas products still can’t achieve their own sales target. It is because AgroMas already aimed the target that they must at least increase their sales in 20% per year. But the result showed all of the year the sales are increase less than 15%. That means that AgroMas not achieve their sales target and it comes to problem for them. Thus, this study is to identify how to increase sales of AgroMas products. This might help AgroMas to come out with unique and effective strategies in the future. 5. Research Objective 1. To determine the relationship between promotion effectiveness and sales performance of Agromas. 2. To identify the relationship between availability of product and sales performance of Agromas. 6. Research Question 1. How does promotion effectiveness affect sales performance of Agromas? 2. How does availability of product by Agromas Products effect sales performance? 7. Theoretical Framework 8. Significant of Study 1. Significant to the Public This study is to determine what the factors for the customer to patron Agro Bazaar Kedai Rakyat in Shah Alam. This study can help identifies the main factors that contribute to the patronization of Agro Bazaar Kedai Rakyat. It also can identify the degree of public satisfaction through the service offered by Agro Bazaar Kedai Rakyat. 2. Significant to the Researcher In this study, researcher can apply all the knowledge that we had learned in the subject of Research Methodology and Retail Study. Researcher cans personally being exposed to the working environment before entering the real working condition. At certain time, the experience and knowledge that we gain can also be used in the future especially in solving problem. 3. Significant to the FAMA and AgroMas The main purpose of doing this research is to determine the patronization of Agro Bazaar Kedai Rakyat in Shah Alam. This research is important in order to identify what are the factors that lead to consumer patronization towards Agro Bazaar Kedai Rakyat in Shah Alam. The outcome of the study will be useful to Agrobazaar in helping the improvement of the retail store. Results of the improvement effort also will benefit the public. In the long run, this study may be used as a reference for evaluating the customer satisfaction and patronization towards other local retail store. 9. Limitations of Study 1. Availability of Data The study is based on the data collected from the secondary sources. Therefore the accuracy of this study depends on the publish data. 2. Time constraint Time constraint has been encountered ever since the study has been started on the early semester. The progress of the work has not been done smoothly as the time spends must be divided between the tasks given by the company where the practical training is held as well as the time to complete the research. 3. Lack of Experience It is difficult to conduct a research due to the lack of experience since first time involved in conducting research. Although there are many problems, full of commitment is given to finish the research and to overcome such barriers. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. INTRODUCTION Literature review is a critical summary and an assessment of the current state of knowledge or current state of the art in a particular field. Literature review also can be define as the selection of available documents (both published and unpublished) on the topic, which contain information, ideas, data and evidence written from a particular standpoint to fulfill certain aims or express certain views on the nature of the topic and how it’s to be investigated, and the effective evaluation of these documents in relation to the research being proposed. 1. Sales Performance The first variable in this research is sale performance. Managers and researchers are interested in how to develop more effective selling strategies for increased sales performance which can contribute to the creation of strong and long-lasting positive relationships with customers (Ghazaleh Moghareh Abed and Mohammad Haghighi, 2009). Researchers believe that these approaches can create more flexible, responsive partnerships, thereby improving the firm’s performance especially on sales. Furthermore, competition is stronger due to market globalization, and technology is continually becoming more advanced (Anderson, 1996; Wotruba, 1996). Producing the best available product is not enough but it also has to be sold. If companies want to survive in their market, they must pay great attention to the availability of their products and marketing strategies. This makes it important for companies to understand what ‘things’ influence their sales of performance. Identification of the relative influence of these determines factors can be used to focus a company’s efforts on the areas that are most important, improving the sales performance. To achieve and maintain good sales performance, therefore, retailers must pursue a retail strategy that aligns closely with customer merchandise preferences (Andrew J. Newman, Darshika Patel, 2004). When attempting to ascertain the reason for poor levels of sales performance, it is reasonable to assume that this may be due to ineffective positioning (Davies and Brooks, 1989), and a failure of the retailer’s positioning marketing strategy. This is an integrated management activity that takes in elements of the retail mix such as merchandising, store formats, sales staff interaction, promotional efforts (Walters and Laffy, 1996) and reputation. These factors create a point of differentiation, separate retailers from the competition, and create the retail brand. It can be assume that because of the image brand of others food products such as Adabi, Babas, Maggie and etc; it can affect the sales performance of the AgroMas company. In the other hand, retail management strategies ensure that the most stylish merchandise is available in the stores at the right time, and thus maintains brand image in the minds of the customer (Newman and Cullen, 2002). Therefore it is one of the reasons why AgroMas facing poor sales erformance due to availability of their products in the markets. So it is important to place AgroMAs products at the right time, right price and the most importantly are at the right place or store therefore to increase their sales volume and sales performance. 2. Promotion Effectiveness The second variable in this research is promotion effectiveness. This section will be discussed any data or previous study that rela tes to advertisement or promotion by target markets. Generally, promotion is communicating with the public in an attempt to influence them toward buying your products or services. One of the ways to promote the product is through television program. The more that brand involving the program, the more positive the ad response (David w. Llyod and Kevin J. Clancy). In addition, the content had been easy to understand for the passive viewer who wants to feel good stories that are not to serious and too demanding critical thinking (Joyce M. Wolburg). By referring AgroMas case, in order to ensure the products are aware by customer, AgroMas create documentary about the AgroMas product which is most of the product is agriculture product. As a result, the customer know how the product are be prepared by the AgroMas from the raw materials until finished goods. Besides that, physical attractiveness in an advertisement would influence purchase intention. Further, the influence of a physical attractiveness is also dependent on the product involvement of the consumers, familiarity with the products and the relative establishment of the strength of the advertised brands (Ian Phau, Linda Lam, 2000). Method that had been used by AgroMas in order to ensure the customer get knowledge about their product is involved in exhibition. In addition, the visitors emphasise information gathering, particularly information about new products, so the objectives of improving the company’s image and of gaining an edge on non-exhibitors would appear to be realistic non-selling objectives. From that exhibition, AgroMas can influence people who come to their booth to purchase their product especially instant coffee. That is the best way in order to do the promotion of their product. 3. Availability of Product When a demand curve is matched with a supply curve, the result predicts both the price and quantity of goods sold in a competitive market (Rob Docters, Bert Schefers, Tracy Korman, Christine Durman, 2008). However when demand curve is not matched with supply curve it call shortage or surplus. Sometimes because of surplus of good it make some of retailers refuse to market or sell of products anymore, therefore it makes the particular products not available in the certain retails stores. Availability of certain products is from the impact of disturbances of past purchase patterns on brand loyalty and long term demands for products. Even in days of plenty, brand loyalties were strongly influenced by the controlling factors of market structures and the constraints they imposed on the availability of products in the final market (Philip B. Schary, Boris W. Becker, 1993). According to AgroMAs case seems look that one of the factors their products availability is because of customers brand loyalty. Customers used to choose their brand loyalty such as Nestle compared to products that they don’t know at all. There is no consumer interest, by definition, in specific brands. It is due to customers having learned about the product through promotion and experience, demand is responsive to degrees of product availability. Physical distribution is one of factors that effects on the market place thus, more effort in distribution leads to higher levels of sales (Philip B. Schary, Boris W. Becker, 1993). Increased numbers of outlets, increased inventory service by intermediaries or is it a result of increased perception of the product by consumers as a result of additional shelf-space allocation by the retailer (Rob Docters, Bert Schefers, Tracy Korman, Christine Durman, 2008). Based on AgroMas situations, their physical distribution is so limited whereas they only supply the products to the certain wholesalers or retailers only. Therefore, it is difficult to find AgroMas’s products available in the markets. Moreover, the retailer seldom has the same degree of interest in the specific brand that his supplier does, because he is trying to solve a different problem: how to compete with other stores (Philip B. Schary, Boris W. Becker, 1993). That means, manufacturer can influence a retailer to stock his products by promotional effort to a far greater degree than by logistics offerings. In many product classes, it appears that consumers are more store loyal than product loyal. This in turn shifts the struggle for influencing sales through availability from the consumer directly to the retailer as intermediate decision maker. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. INTRODUCTION This chapter deals with the details that are critical in executing a meaningful and accurate report on this study. As business research covers a wide range of phenomena, not all areas will be discussed, however, general concepts or any relevant information and rationalization of chosen approaches will be. . Research Design The research of this study will use descriptive research which describes the characteristics of an existing phenomenon. Descriptive research falls under non-experimental research. It provides a broad picture of a phenomenon and focuses on events that occur in the present (Salkind, 2009). Therefore, the research will be conducted by using descriptive research in order to study the performance of poorsales for fama’s agromas products. 2. Sampling Frame The sampling frame that will be used in this study is the customer who shops at the store who sells AgroMas products and also publics who once head about AgroMas products. 3. Sample Size According to Sekaran and Bougie (2010), a sample should be big enough to help answer the research question accurately, but not so big that the process of sampling becomes uneconomical and inefficient. If the sample too small, it is not representative of the population and too large to overkill. Although, the less representative the sample is of the population, the more sampling error is present. Therefore, in this study, the researchers decided to select 100 respondents because of feasibility reason since it is not easy to approach customers who are in the middle of shopping, and not to forget the publics around Shah Alam too. 4. Sampling Technique The sampling technique that will be used in this study is simple random sampling under probability sampling strategies. Each customer of the population has an equal and independent chance of being selected to be part of the sample. Equal means there is no bias that one person will be chosen rather than another. Then, an independent means the choice of the one person does not bias the researcher for or against the choice of another (Salkind, 2009). 5. Data Unit Analysis The unit of analysis will be the individual (walk in) customers and publics around Shah Alam. 6. Data Collection Procedures Data collection procedure that will be used for this study is questionnaires. The advantages of using questionnaire are it is less expensive to be administered, almost 100 percent response rate ensured and convenience to the respondents to give their feedback. The questionnaires will have cover to provide information regarding the topic that the study focuses. Questionnaires will be distributed to walk in customer specific retail shop which sells AgroMas products. The cover of questionnaires will be explaining the objectives of the study. The researcher will distribute the questionnaires to respondents and collect promptly once done within that day. 7. Survey Instrument The instrument that will be use in this study is questionnaire. The items of questionnaires will be formulated according the research objectives and the research question in this study. The questionnaires will be divided into four sections. Section A will be focus on respondents’ demographic background such as gender, race, age, religion, occupation and marital status. For section B, the item will be focus on the promotion effectiveness. For section C, questionnaires focus on availability of products. Lastly, Section D will be focus on sales performance. In addition, the research uses Nominal as a level of measurement for the questionnaires in section A and for other sections (B, C, D) researches using Interval. In order to meet the purpose of this study, Likert Scale with the range of 1 to 5 points being used started 1-Strongly Disagree, 2-Disagree, 3- Neutral, 4-Agree, and 5-Strongly Agree. And not to forget the numerical scale on Section D where researcher uses the 10 scale of extremely satisfied and extremely dissatisfied. 8. Validity of Instrument The questions will be validated in order to ensure the questionnaires that have been used for the method in this study are valid. The important of questionnaires will be tested for the face and content validity. The questionnaires related the factor that influencing sales performance adopted from the past research. Afterward, the researcher will select panels of expertise from Faculty of Business Management to check for content and validity. The questionnaires will be checking by experts in the field to ensure the researchers did not get any mistake when conducting the questionnaire for this study. Thus, the questionnaires will be in line with the objectives for this research. The effectiveness of the questions is very important to maintain the validity of instrument. 9. Data Analysis Plan Data analysis explains the techniques to analyze data obtained from the questionnaire. The statistic use is descriptive statistic. Data collected in the study will be analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS) version 17. 0. The analysis in this study will involve descriptive statistical (frequencies and percentages) which include frequencies and mean, mode, and standard deviation. 4. REFERENCES Anderson, R. E. (1996), ‘‘Personal selling and sales management in the new millennium’’,Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, Vol. 16 No. 4, pp. 17-32. Andrew J. Newman, Darshika Patel, (2004),†The marketing directions of two fashionretailers†, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 38 Iss: 7 pp. 770 – 789 (Davies andBrooks, 1989). David W. Lloyd, Kevin J. Clancy, (1993),†Television program involvement and advertising response†, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 8 Iss: 4 pp. 61 – 74 Ghazaleh Moghareh Abed, Mohammad Haghighi, (2009),†The effect of selling strategies onsales performance†, Business Strategy Series, Vol. 10 Iss: 5 pp. 266 – 282. Ian Phau, Linda Lam, (2000), â€Å"Effects of â€Å"physical attractiveness† in the evaluation of print advertisements†, Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, Vol. 12 Iss: 4 pp. 41 – 59 Jim Blythe, (1999),†Visitor and exhibitor expectations and outcomes at trade exhibitions†, Marketing Intelligence Planning, Vol. 17 Iss: 2 pp. 100 – 110 Joyce M. Wolburg, (2001),†Misplaced marketing: Why television is the â€Å"wrong† environment for public service advertising campaigns†, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 18 Iss: 6 pp. 471 – 473 Kotler, P. (1973-74). Atmospherics as a marketing tool. Journal of Retailing, 49 (November),48- 64 Salkind, N. J. (2009), Exploring Research. Ed. 7th . New Jersey: PearsonEducation. Philip B. Schary, Boris W. Becker, (1993),†Product availability and the management ofdemand†, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 10 Iss: 3 pp. 127 – 135. Rob Docters, Bert Schefers, Tracy Korman, Christine Durman, (2008),†The neglecteddemand curve: how to build one and how to benefit†, Journal of Business Strategy,Vol. 29 Iss: 5 pp. 19 – 25. Sekaran, U. , and Bougie, R. (2009), Research Method for Business: A Skill BuildingApproach. Ed. 5th. John Wiley and Son. Walters, D. and Laffy, D. (1996), Managing Retail Productivity and Profitability, Macmillan,London. Newman and Cullen, 2002). APENDIXES Operationalize Map [pic] [pic] Serial Number Dear Sir/Madam, We, Faridah Nor Mohd Mokhtar (2011514043), Nur Zulaikha Abd Aziz (2011356423), Mohd Adi Azry Mohd Islakhuddin (2011729145) and Siti Khadijah Mohd Mokhtar (2011926713) are students of Master Business Administration (MBA) from Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM). Current ly, we are conducting a research regarding a topic of Performance Determinants of FAMA’s AgroMas Product in Shah Alam. As part of this reason, we are seeking your kind cooperation in answering this questionnaire as truthful as possible. All information given will be treated with strict confidence and will be used for the purpose of the study only. If you need any clarification please contact the researcher Faridah Nor Mohd Mokhtar at +60139664694. Thank You. SectionA: Demographic Profile A1. Gender: 1) Male 2) Female A2. Age: 1) 18-25 years old 2) 26-33 years old 3) 34-40 years old 4) 40years old and above A3. Race: 1) Malay 2) Chinese/ Cina 3) Indian/ India 4) Others : Please specify: _____________ A4. Highest Education: 1) SPM 2) STPM 3) Diploma 4) Degree 5) Others : Please specify :_________________ A5. Employment: ) Government Employee 2) Private Sector Employee 3) Others : Please specify: _____________ A6. Monthly income: 1) ; RM2,000 2) RM2,001 – RM 4,000 3) RM 4,001 – RM 6000 4) ; RM6,000 Section B: Promotion Effectiveness For Question B1-B9, you should circle your choice of answer according to the scale given. |Strongly Disagree |(2) Disagree |(3) Neither Disagree |(4) Agree |(5) Strongly | | | |Nor Agree | |Agree | B1. You have a positive reaction towards AgroMas promotion |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |B2. You think AgroMas Instant Coffee’s promotion are convincing |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |B3. You find AgroMas Instant Coffee ‘s promotion was interesting and |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |memorable | | | | | | |B4. You always satisfied with the taste of Agromas Instant Coffee |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |B5. You would recommend to someone else about Agromas Instant Coffee |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |B6. You never seen any AgroMas Instant Coffee commercial advertisement of |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |AgroMas Instant Coffee on the television | | | | | | |B7. You are now more likely to shop at AgroMas after the promotion advertised |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |B8. You would like to see any changes in AgroMas future promotion |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |B9. You think that AgroMas Instant Coffee are better than the others available in |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |the market | | | | | | Section C: Availability of Products For Question C1-C7, you should circle your best choice of answer according to the scale given. |Strongly Disagree |(2) Disagree |(3) Neither Disagree |(4) Agree |(5) Strongly | | | |Nor Agree | |Agree | |C1. The availability of AgroMas Instant Coffee are hard to find |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |C2. The shelf space allocation of AgroMas Instant Coffee are accessible |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |C3. You see many places sell AgroMas Instant Coffee |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |C4. You willing to switch currently brand preferences to AgroMas Instant Coffee |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |C5. The selling location of AgroMas Instant Coffee is located at high traffic area |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |C6. The store location choosen by FAMA usually convenience to consumer |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |C7. You think demand do not affect the availability of AgroMas Instant Coffee |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |C8. It is easy to repeat purchase of AgroMas Instant Coffee |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | Section D: Sales Performance For Question D1-D8, you should circle your best choice of answer according to the scale given. |Strongly Disagree |(2) Disagree |(3) Neither Disagree |(4) Agree |(5) Strongly | | | |Nor Agree | |Agree | D1. You satisfied with the AgroMas Instant Coffee commercial advertisement |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |D2. You satisfied with the AgroMas product availability |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |D3. You satisfied with the AgroMas product quality |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |D4. You satisfied with the taste and preferences of AgroMas Instant Coffee |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |D5. You satisfied with the AgroMas Instant Coffee packaging |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |D6. You think that retailer play an important role in influencing the consumer |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |purchase | | | | | | |D7. You think that relationship of retailer and consumer are important in |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |influencing sales of AgroMas Instant Coffee | | | | | | |D8. The brand image of AgroMas Instant Coffee will tremendously influence |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |sales | | | | | | Thank You for your time! ———————– Availability of Products Poor Sales Performance Promotion Effectiveness DEPENDENT VARIABLE (DV) INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (IV) PERFORMANCE DETERMINANTS OF FAMA’S AGROMAS PRODUCTS IN SHAH ALAM Source: [pic][? ]3ertâ„ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ º?  ©Ã‚ ­A? COiioy†,-BCT^aO? A ¶Ã‚ ¬A? —A— „—wj`UHj`UHwj`Uh} ih’gOJQJ^J[? ]h} ih} iOJQJh} iOJQJ^J[? ]h} ih} iOJQJ^J[? ]h} ih2 eOJQJ^J[? ]h’Philip B. Schary, Boris W. Becker, 1993) Source: Jim Blythe, 1999) How to cite Agromas, Essay examples

Tesol Methodology free essay sample

In this essay I am going to give some explanations taken from different books about what a method in second language teaching is. After that I am going to explain in a brief way, what in my opinion a method is. Furthermore, I am going to set my theory in a very specific context; culture, country, education, system, characteristics of the learners†¦ Moreover, I am going to define two different methods: The grammar-translation method and the direct method. And I am going to provide my personal opinion about those methods. Also I am going to explain why I have chosen them according to my own experience as learner. Besides, I am going to take some features from the two methods explained before and I am going to combine them to create what I consider a more useful method. And to conclude, I am going to give a summary of the paper, and of the conclusions I have reached at the end of it. The concept of method in language teaching is the idea that there is a collection of teaching practices based in a determined theory of language and of language learning. According to Richards and Rodgers’ (2001: 20) definition: ‘A method is theoretically related to an approach, is organizationally determined by a design, and is practically realized in procedure’. Personally, I think that a method in language teaching is a program that all teachers should follow to teach a language. Each program is based on the different sections of language teaching such as reading, writing, listening and grammar. Some methods that nowadays are being applied are: the Grammar Translation Method, the Direct Method, the Audiolingual Method, Community Language Teaching, the Silent Way, Suggestopedia, Total Physical Response, and the Natural Approach. Each of those methods is applied in a different context. Depending on the necessities of the students, the teacher could apply one or other method. If the student wants to improve grammar, the teacher may use the grammar translation method. If the student wants to improve communication, the teacher may use the direct, the audiolingual method, the suggestopedia method or the natural approach. Along the history of language teaching there has been a great debate about the differences between method and approach, some teachers believe that there is no difference between method and approach and that both merge in just one category; method. According to Richard and Rodgers (2001: 20): â€Å"Approach refers to theories about the nature of language and language learning that serve as the source of practices and principles in language teaching. † On the other hand: â€Å"Design (Method) is the level of method analysis in which we consider (a) what the objectives of a method are; (b) how language content is selected and organized within the method, that is, the syllabus model the method incorporates; (c) the types of learning tasks and teaching activities the method advocates; (d) the roles of learners; (e) the role of teachers; and (f) the role of instruction materials. In my opinion an approach is a set of theories and principles about the nature of language, and a method (design) is the way you apply these theories and principles. This method is thought to be applied in secondary schools. The level of the students towards this method is going to be applied is intermediate level. The country in which this method is thought to be applied is Spain. The learners are going to have English as L2. The teachers are going to teach all the theory in English, but in some occasions they will use the mother tongue of the students. Because, although they understand the basic concepts in English, they do not have enough level to understand the whole lesson. The teacher will have to prepare in a great way his classes because he has to enjoy the student, to maintain their attention. In order to obtain their concentration, the teacher will use videos, internet†¦ GRAMMAR-TRANSLATION METHOD The grammar-translation method of foreign language teaching is one of the most traditional methods (late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries). It was originally used to teach dead languages (and literatures) such as Latin and Greek, and this has to do with its main aim to-wards written work to the virtual exclusion of oral production. This method was used for the purpose of helping students read and appreciate foreign language literature. Characteristics: 1. The goal of foreign language study is to learn a language in order to read its literature or in order to benefit from the mental discipline and intellectual development that result from foreign language study. 2. Classes are taught in the students mother tongue. It is used to explain new items and to enable comparisons to be made between the foreign language and the students native language. 3. Reading and writing are the major focus; little or no systematic attention is paid to speaking or listening. 4. Reading of difficult texts is begun early in the course of study. Little attention is paid to the content of texts. 5. Vocabulary selection is based solely on the reading texts used, and words are taught through bilingual word lists, dictionary study, and memorization. 6. Vocabulary is taught in the form of isolated word lists. 7. The sentence is the basic unit of teaching and language practice. Much of the lesson is devoted to translating sentences into and out of the target language, and it is this focus on the sentence that is a distinctive feature of the method. 8. Accuracy is emphasized. 9. Grammar is taught deductively- that is, by presentation and study of grammar rules, which are then practiced through translation exercises. Elaborate explanations of grammar are always provided. 10. The student’s native language is the medium of instruction. 11. Little or no attention is given to pronunciation. In my opinion the Grammar-translation method is a great one because the teacher uses the mother tongue of the students to teach the lesson. Personally I think that this is so important because when a teacher is introducing a foreign language to the students, they may feel uncomfortable and may not be receptive, whether if you teach the lesson in their mother tongue they can compare the words between the two languages and it is easier for them. Furthermore, it is essential for me the importance that this method gives to reading and writing. Because I think that the main issues that a student should study to know a language are reading and writing, and after that, he/she will understand everything of this language. DIRECT METHOD Towards the end of the late 1800s, a revolution in language teaching philosophy took place that is seen by many as the dawn of modern foreign language teaching. Sauveur and other believers in the Natural Method argued that a foreign language could be taught without translation or the use of the learner’s native language if meaning was conveyed directly through demonstration and action. According to Franke, a language could best be taught by using it actively in the classroom. Rather than using analytical procedures that focus on explanation of grammar rules in classroom teaching, teacher must encourage direct and spontaneous use of foreign language in the classroom. Teachers began attempting to teach foreign languages in a way that was more similar to first language acquisition. It incorporated techniques designed to address all the areas that the Grammar Translation did not namely oral communication, more spontaneous use of the language, and developing the ability to think in the target language. Classroom instruction was conducted exclusively in the target language. 2. Only everyday vocabulary and sentences were taught. 3. Oral communication skills were built up in a carefully graded progression organized around question-and-answer exchanges between teachers and students in small, intensive classes. 4. The learner should be actively involved in using the language in realistic everyday situations. 5. Students are encouraged to think in the target language. Vocabulary is acquired more naturally if students use it in full sentences rather than memorizing word lists. Grammar was taught inductively. 7. New teaching points were introduced orally. 8. Concrete vocabulary was taught by association of ideas. 9. Both speech and listening comprehension were taught. 10. Correct pronunciation and grammar were emphasized. 11. The teacher should demonstrate, not explain or translate. It is desirable that students make a direct association between the target language and meaning. 12. Lessons should contain some conversational activity—some opportunity for students to use language in real contexts. Students should be encouraged to speak as much as possible. In my opinion this method has some interesting ideas. I think that this method is addressed to a more concrete group of students with some specific necessities. For example for a group of students that want to improve their communication in the foreign language. Moreover I find this method so important because the lessons are explained in the target language, and the teacher uses images or objects to explain the words that the students do not understand. Personally I had an experience with this method, when I studied German for the first time. The teacher entered the lesson talking in German and no one understood anything and also we learned grammar inductively. Depending on the type of student and the necessities that they have I would take more features from one method than from the other. But for example, for students that know nothing from the foreign language I would take more features from the Grammar-Translation method. I would teach the lesson combining the mother tongue and the target language. Moreover, I would base the lessons on reading and grammar. Also I would choose texts that enjoy the students. Furthermore, I would make some exercises of speaking. Besides, I would teach vocabulary with images and objects, to make the lesson more interesting for the students and also I will introduce some videos or internet, to make the lesson fluent. But I will base my lessons in writing and reading. I would make exercises such as: -Dictation: The teacher chooses a grade appropriate passage and reads the text aloud. -Reading Aloud: Students take turn reading sections of a passage, play or dialog out loud. In this essay I have tried to explain what a method in second language teaching is. Besides, I have settled my own method in a specific context: country, students. And after that I have explained two methods that were interesting for me, giving my opinion and my experience about them. Furthermore I have compared both of them and also I have combined the best features of them into one method. In my opinion a method in language teaching is completely necessary, because a teacher can not use the same method with all the students. Depending on the age of the students and on their necessities the teacher should choose one or other, or even combine different ones. A teacher needs a method because he/she has to have a fixed lesson, he/she must to know what he/she wants to teach, and in what sections of language he/ she is going to focus on. There has been a lot of controversy along the history about the concept of method in language teaching; about the differences or similarities between the concept of method and approach. But in my opinion I think that there is a clear difference between them; an approach is a set of theories and principles about the nature of language, and a method (design) is the way you apply these theories and principles.

What Do Frank and Rita Learn from Each Other Essay Example

What Do Frank and Rita Learn from Each Other Paper I think education is a part of life that everybody goes through. Its how the world gains knowledge and everybody deserves to have a proper education, which involves going to a school and learning different subjects in a classroom with a teacher. My view of education does seem to differ to Russells definition. His definition of education seems to be a way to differentiate the social classes of the world. A chance for the posh people to show how superior they are to the lower class. He is implying that anyone that is poor cannot have had an education. This does seem to be true according to the play but maybe Russell was not picturing reality when he wrote Educating Rita. His definition of education is not apparent in the reality that I live in so I cannot identify with him. To me, education is and always will be the gaining of knowledge, being taught and finding out about life. Our first impressions of Frank are rather negative, it is clear that he has a drinking problem and is obviously dissatisfied with his life. We learn from him that he is divorced and his present relationship is not an idealistic one. We will write a custom essay sample on What Do Frank and Rita Learn from Each Other specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What Do Frank and Rita Learn from Each Other specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What Do Frank and Rita Learn from Each Other specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He is quite disrespectful and longs to have more free time to sit in the pub and drink. Examples of these are things like, Strange hours for this Open University thing. They expect us to teach when the pubs are open. (1. i) Jubilantly he moves to the Dickens section and pulls out a pile of books to reveal a bottle of whisky (1. i) These examples show how he relies on his drinking and would rather be at the pub than anything else. Our first impressions of Rita differ quite significantly to those of Frank; her use of language is coarse and does not have the ability to express literary concepts on anything but a basic level. Things that dont really matter like wearing the right types of clothing and the right type of wine preoccupy her. Thats a nice picture Its very erotic Theres no suppose about it. Look at those tits. (1. i) Ritas language here shows how direct and naive she is. Most people would not come straight out and say something like that but she does not see the vulgarity of the way she speaks. At first Frank does not want to teach Rita, he tries to stop her from coming to him for tutoring. Go back to what you do like and stop wasting my time. You go out and buy yourself a new dress and Ill go to the pub. (1. ii) This proves how Frank sees Rita as a waste of time and does not want to teach her. Rita has exactly the opposite reaction to Frank, when he tries get rid of her she becomes adamant about the fact the he is her tutor. This is because she likes him and what he does; she feels she can learn a great deal from him because of the social class he is in. She also does genuinely like him for his personality, which makes here even more determined to stay. Wait a minute, listen to me. Listen: Im on this course, you are my teacher an youre gonna bleedin well teach me Youre my tutor. I dont want another tutor. (1. ii) She is not going to leave him because she definitely wants him as a tutor. The first major learning point for Frank is accepting Rita and finding out that there is more to life then literature and poetry and his mind is opened by Rita and becomes less of a literary snob. He also later on tried to dissuade Rita from becoming so literate in what she has learned because Frank sees it as a turn for the worst for her. Rita also begins to learn things from Frank; the first major learning point she took was that to be able to get the education she wants she needs to change her colloquial dialect to a more formal language. This helps her become able to stress her point within an essay, by impressing an examiner rather than using a vulgar language. F: No, Erm assonance. Well, its a form of rhyme. Whats a whats an example erm -? Do you know Yeats? R: The wine lodge? F: Yeats the poet. (1. i) R: It was crap. F: What? R: I thought it was crap! F: Crap? And who are you citing in support of your thesis, F. R. Leavis? R: No. Me! F: What have I just said? Me is subjective. (1. ii) Along the way Frank and Rita learn a lot more from each other. The next point Frank learns is that education can quash a person. He realises or thinks that if Rita is successful in learning everything (which is what she wanted in the beginning) then it will spoil what is so special about Rita. For instance the way she just comes out with things, says what is exactly on her mind, she will start to say less about what she thinks, try and make it into a more posh point of view. Frank may even be scared that Rita will become a literary snob like he was in the beginning. F: (appealingly) Rita, stop it! R: But Frank, I have to persevere in order that I shall. F: Rita! Just be yourself. R: I am being myself. (2. ii) Rita is also learning along with Frank. But she learns that to cope with having an education and being exposed to all these literate, upper class people she needs to change the way she talks, in accent and the vocabulary she uses. Although this may not actually be correct, she does learn it and perseveres with changing the way she dresses. She feels she no longer fits in with the people around her and quits her job, because the conversation lacks somewhat in education. She feels she needs to change the people that are around her and then try to fit in with the new people she has become acquainted to. R: Thats why I couldnt stand being in a hairdressers any longer; boring irrelevant detail all the time, on and on Well, Im sorry but Ive had enough of that. I dont wanna talk about irrelevant rubbish anymore. F: And what do you talk about in your bistro? R: Everything We talk about whats important, Frank, and we leave out the boring details for those who want them (2. iv) Frank has learned a lot from Rita throughout this play, and I think the most important point he has learned is, it doesnt matter who you are or where you live, everybody deserves an education, and it can change you for the worst. It doesnt make you a better person or more superior to anyone else, you are just the same apart from having a larger vocabulary. In the end, everyone comes down to the same thing, has the same needs and longs for the same things! F: Oh Ive done a fine job on you havent I This this clever, pyrotechnical pile of self-conscious allusion is worthless, talentless, shit and could be recognized as such by anyone with a shred of common sense Oh, I dont expect you to believe me, Rita; you recognize the hallmark of literature now, dont you? I think that the most important point that Rita learned in this play is that you have a choice in life. You dont have to be stuck in somewhere you dont want to be. You can change your life to how you want it to be. Although it might not be what you expect, it ends up how you wanted it to be and that is your own choice. R: It might be worthless in the end. But I had a choice. I chose, me. Because of what youd given me. I had a choice. (2. vii) I do think that Frank and Rita benefit from having a relationship with each other. They both open their eyes to how they each live, and learn to accept things that has contradicted points that they thought were true their whole life. Frank manages to stop drinking, nearly and Rita is where she wants to be in life. They helped each other get to that stage and although Frank still relies on Rita to be there she does not actually need him anymore. A final benefit that Frank receives is quite comical; a haircut. This is great because it finishes off the play with a light note. I think that Russell is trying to show that in his play Frank and Rita learn exactly the same thing, people are all the same, and most of the things you know will end up being useless and empty. They both learn this in a different way. Rita becomes educated, and learns that it is not up to what it is made out to be and Frank learns this by meeting Rita, the lower class girl. If you base your life around literature completely you will end up being a very dull person with an empty life.

buy custom Twin Falls Community Hospital essay

buy custom Twin Falls Community Hospital essay This is a risk analysis of the project by ambulatory surgery center. The purpose of the analysis is to predict the outcome of the project. This will be done by calculating the payback, net present value and internal rate of return of the project. The cash flows for year four and five are shown in the table below. YEAR 4 YEAR 5 Land opportunity cost ($500,000) Building/equipment cost (10,000,000) Net revenues 5,463,635 5,627,544.05 Less: Labor costs 874,181.60 900,407.05 Utilities costs 54,636.35 56,275.44 Supplies 2,185,454 2,251,017.62 Incremental overhead 39,337.76 40,517.89 Net income 2,310,025.29 2,379,326.05 /tr> Plus: Net land salvage value Plus: Net building/equipment salvage value Net cash flow 2,310,025.29 2,379,326.05 The Net Present value of the project NPV= Cash outflow + Cash inflow/ (1+r) Year 1= $2,114,000/1+0.1=1,921,818.18 Year2= $2,177,420/ (1+0.1) ^2=1,799,520.66 Year3=$2,242,743/ (1+0.1) ^3=1,685,006.01 Year4=2,310,025.29/ (1+0.1) ^4=1,577,778.16 Year5=2,379,326.05/ (1+0.1) ^5=1,477,374.28 Total=8,461,497.29 Net Present Value= 15,500,000 - 8,461,497.29=7,038,502.71 The Internal Rate of Return of the project -15,500,000+1,921,818.18/ (1+R) + 1,799,520.66/ (1+R) ^2+1,685,006.01/ (1+R) ^3+1,577,778.16/ (1+R) ^4+1,477,374.28/(1+R)^5=0 IRR= 10% The payback of the project. If the cash flow remains constantly progressive every year, the anticipated payback would be seven years. Overhead costs. The overhead costs, are expenses that a business incurs in the day to day activities. The above cash flow analysis is not of an existent business but rather an analysis of whether the proposed project would be profitable if it was actually established. This being the case, the $10,000 overhead costs cannot be added to this cash flow. Handling of cannibalization. One should first gather backdated cash flow statements of the inpatient surgery unit prior to the opening of the outpatient surgery unit to current cash flow statements of the inpatient surgery unit, which should be compared to the outpatient cash flows (analysis) statements so as to identify the rate of declining inflows in the internal surgery unit to the rise of inflows in the outpatient surgery unit. This will also enable comparison of other details such as the price difference in services offered by the two units in relation to the inflow rates. Such details can enable the analyst to find a solution and recommend appropriate changes in the inpatient surgery ward e.g. reset prices of service, opening hours etc. This would change the handling of cannibalization since one would have to carry out a scenario analysis of a third surgical unit which would trigger a change in all current statements in the inpatient and outpatient cash flow statements as well. Scenario analysis. Scenario=250 DAYS (YEAR)*(1000)* The expected scenario of the project is: 250 DAYS (YEAR)*(1000*20) Salvage price= 5 million at 70% rate an average net income of $5,000,000 per day. NPV= 7,941,176.47 The best case scenario of the project is: 250 days (year) * (1000*25) Salvage price= 7million at 15% rate and average net income of $6,250,000 per day. NPV= 12,434,782.61 The worst case scenario of the project is: 250 DAYS (YEAR)*(1000*15) Salvage price= 3 million at 15% rate and average net income of $3,750,000 per day. NPV= 6,260,869.56 The worst case value helps in assessing the hospitals ability to bear the risk of this investment since; one is able to compare it with the capital and general financial health of the entire project. The new NPV of the project after a three percentage point risk adjustment would be: NPV (3%RISK) =7,038,502.71 * 0.03 NPV=211,155.08 Recommendation The hospital should consider maximizing the inpatient surgery ward first and if the need arises, they should go ahead with the out patient unit but look for better prices of machinery or explore other sources of machinery like leasing. Buy custom Twin Falls Community Hospital essay

Emergency Service Managment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Emergency Service Managment - Research Paper Example The term ‘incident’ denotes certain occurrences such as chemical leakage or fire outbreak which require immediate reaction. The incidents can be dealt with by using limited resources or with the assistance of emergency services. However, when those incidents become serious, it necessitates management direction in order to address the broader effect. This, in turn, creates an emergency situation which typically includes interference with emergency services. Effective emergency management is highly reliant on good emergency readiness. It requires guidelines and planning for every common reasonable event. The guidelines can result in secure practices in the organizations which can ensure health, fitness, and wellness of fire-fighters. In the fire department, there are four principles for managing the emergency. The ‘National Fire Protection Association’ (NFPA) standard had recognized numerous issues with respect to maintaining health, fitness, and wellness of f ire-fighters. One of the most significant issues of health and safety is an infection. The fire-fighters are vulnerable to several kinds of infections due to hazardous materials and body fluids. The NFPA 1582 standard requires fire-fighters to reduce the probability of disease and injury from infections. The standard operating guideline of fire department recommends active attempts for restricting the spread of infection and transmissible diseases by making available different immunizations, vaccinations and other treatments.... The following diagram will depict the four principles that are followed in emergency service management: Source: (Department of Education and Early Childhood Development, â€Å"DEECD Emergency Management Guidelines†) Issues in Emergency Service Management of Fire Department The ‘National Fire Protection Association’ (NFPA) standard had recognized numerous issues with respect to maintaining health, fitness and wellness of fire-fighters. One of the most significant issues of health and safety is infection. The fire-fighters are vulnerable to several kinds of infections due to hazardous materials and body fluids. The NFPA 1582 standard requires fire-fighters to reduce the probability of disease and injury from infections. The standard operating guideline of fire department recommends active attempts for restricting the spread of infection and transmissible diseases by making available different immunizations, vaccinations and other treatments (United States Fire Admi nistration, â€Å"Guide To Managing An Emergency Service Infection Control Program†). The other issue for health, fitness and wellness of fire-fighters is record keeping. It is essential for fire department to maintain a record for all employees regarding health so that appropriate measures can be taken in order to ensure fitness. The NFPA 1581 standard requires fire department to drive infection control events and to maintain private health records regarding all work-related injuries, sicknesses and exposures of fire-fighters along with toxic materials and spreadable illnesses (United States Fire Administration, â€Å"Guide To Managing An Emergency Service Infection Control Program†). Every fire-fighter should study how to protect from probable infections and prevent fleeting

Japanese Music Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Japanese Music - Assignment Example The Japanese one is a vertical flute, and we taut an upper lip, a lower lip stays relaxed, so the instrument can produce fuller, brighter, and more "detailed" sounds, which the Western flute cant make because the lower lip is not relaxed. The laxity of the lower lip is of importance when different variations of pitch and timbre are produced. As for Elizabeth Reian Bennett, deceleration, elasticity of beat and pitch within a certain range, as well as the use of silence, breath, and articulation when playing the instrument are other crucial things to note the difference between two flutes. I think, the uniqueness of shakuhachi sound makes it desirable to take part in so many music genres. For example, aficionados of classical music will find some sophisticated and somewhat tangle features in shakuhachi sound while the lovers of jazz appreciate its rhythm and timbre. In my opinion, such music prefer adults rather than teenagers because among youngsters other types of modern music, such as pop, rap or electronics, are popular. But I am the teenager who have found wabi, sabi, and yugen in a piece of music that touched my

Aleatoric Music Of The 20th Century Music Essay

Aleatoric Music Of The 20th Century Music Essay compositional and instrumental methods utilized by John Cage. The biographical background, educational influences and examples of the musical compositions of Cage will also be illustrated. This paper continues by describing the various methods and processes employed by John Cage in the formation of music written during the minimalist movement. Contrived instruments, ambient audience noise, non-traditional tone structures and electronic music will be identified and defined. Furthermore, this paper will explore the debate over aleatoric music as art form versus noise. Traditionally, Western music is highly structured and organized- however, music written in aleatory form generally lacks traditional instrumentation, time, and other methods present in Western forms. According to whom one would ask, aleatoric music can be extremely complex, emotional and intellectual. On the other hand, there are those who believe aleatoric music is nothing more than random noise with no structure, rhyme or reason. Over the course of this paper, the reader will be able to discern that aleatoric music is a definitive musical genre. ii Aleatoric Music of the 20th Century: Compositions of John Cage An Art Form, Not Noise Introduction Aleatoric music refers to musical compositions where some aspect of the music is left to chance. The tempo, instrumentation, dynamics, order of the written music, or various other devices can be manipulated. Simply put, aleatoric music is left up to some amount of chance. However, the amount of chance is not immeasurable. In many cases, the composer only allows a portion of the entire composition to chance while the rest conforms to standard Western-influenced counterpoint. The American composer John Cage was one of the foremost composers who utilized aleatory in musical works. He was also the father of the avant-garde in music during the minimalist movement. THESIS: By studying the devices used in Cages compositions, the argument will be clearly made that aleatoric music, while sometimes free in form and function, is clearly a structured art form and not random noise. ii Aleatoric Music of the 20th Century: Compositions of John Cage An Art Form, Not Noise Outline: Aleatoric Music Explicative definition of aleatoric music Overview of aleatoric devices John Cage Early life and education B. Utilization of aleatoric devices in compositions Thesis support Compare and contrast with opposing viewpoint Acknowledge and dismiss opposing view utilizing evidenciary support Conclusion Summarize main points Reinforce the argument that aleatoric music is not random Markham 1 Selena Markham MUS 2930 Dr. Valerie Austin November 22, 2010 Aleatoric Music of the 20th Century: Compositions of John Cage An Art Form, Not Noise Aleatoric music refers to musical compositions where some aspect of the music is left to chance. The tempo, instrumentation, dynamics, order of the written music, or various other devices can be manipulated. Simply put, aleatoric music is left up to some amount of chance. However, the amount of chance is not immeasurable. In many cases, the composer only allows a portion of the entire composition to chance while the rest conforms to standard Western-influenced counterpoint. The American composer John Cage was one of the foremost composers who utilized aleatory in musical works. He was also the father of the avant-garde in music during the minimalist movement. By studying the devices used in Cages compositions, the argument will be clearly made that aleatoric music, while sometimes free in form and function, is clearly a structured art form and not random noise. One of the most prolific composers of music in aleatory, John Cage, was born September 5, 1912 in Los Angeles, California. He was the only child of Markham 2 parents Lucretia and John Cage, Sr. (two other sons passed away as infants). His father was an inventor and his mother worked on and off as a writer for the Los Angeles Times. The couple met in Greeley, Colorado. John Cage, Sr.s father was a Baptist minister who felt music was of the Devil. His mother, Lucretia (her maiden name was Harvey) was considered rebellious because she read books (a practice her family forbade). The young couple fled the restrictive atmosphere of Colorado for the more welcoming state of California. John Cage, Sr. had an avid interest in undersea vessels and, in fact, invented a device that was used in the English Channel to successfully detect German submarines during World War I. The intellect and innovative spirit of his mother and father would serve young Cage well throughout his lifetime. (Rich 142). As early as age eight, the young Cage began to express an interest for music that was slightly outside of the norm. While taking piano lessons with his aunt, the young boy confessed he enjoyed the music of Norwegian composer Edvard Grieg (Rich 145). When Cage graduated in 1928, his grades earned him the record of having the best academics in Los Angeles High Schools history. From high school, Cage spent two years at Pomona College (Struble 287). While at Pomona College, he studied ministry and writing. (Rich 145). Cage then went on hiatus to Europe for two years. While there, he composed many short works, some using mathematical formulas. Unfortunately, Cage did Markham 3 not save these early works- as he traveled, he would go through his belongings and discard any non-essential items in order to lighten his load (Nicholls 175). He returned to the United States in 1931 and in 1933, John Cage began to study piano under Richard Buhlig, who introduced the composer to serialism, an aleatoric musical device. Serialism is music which has been written with a high degree of organization (Brindle 17). Since Buhlig had premiered serialist composer Arnold Schoenbergs composition Three Piano Pieces, Cage hoped Buhlig would introduce him to Schoenberg. Instead, Cages first published piece, Sonata for Clarinet (1933), brought him to the attention of Henry Cowell, a professor teaching the new music at the New Music Society of California in San Francisco. Though Cage was able to informally study with Schoenberg, Cowell was his primary influence (Lipman 22). The Sonata for Clarinet also shows how Cage used serialism to reproduce the same pitches in retrograde in the last movement from the first movement of the same composition in a highly organized fashion. Ironically, when the Sonata for Clarinet premiered, Cage found himself performing it on piano because the clarinetist was unable to do so (Nicholls 176). Over the course of the next two years (1933-34), John Cage invented a new technique called 25-pitch non-repetitive serialism. In this technique, each voice is limited to a twenty-five note pitch area and no pitch can be repeated Markham 4 until all twenty-five have been played. He also used this technique in three additional pieces he wrote during this period: the Sonata for Two Voices (Nov. 1933), Composition for Three Voices (1934) and Soloà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and Six Short Inventions (1933-34). The use of this technique was generally not harmonically sound with the exception of a few phrases (Nicholls 177). John Cage composed two pieces in 1935 (Three Pieces for Flute Duet and Two Pieces for Piano) that also used the serialism technique. The harmony was paired with a highly chromatic melodic line that made the pieces overwhelmingly contrapuntal. However, these pieces tended to possess a higher percentage of harmonically pleasing subject matter (Nicholls 184). These works also coincided with his introduction to Merce Cunningham, an author, choreographer and Cages lifelong love interest. As a result, Cage began to be interested in how music correlated with dance. John Cage and Merce Cunningham collaborated to organize performances using Cages music and Cunninghams choreography over the course of their lifetimes (Thomson 77). Another interesting device John Cage used in his composition was ambient noise. In his piece 4 33 (1952), a piano or any ensemble is to conduct themselves as if they were preparing to play. However, the instrument(s) or performer(s) never utter a singular sound- for the entire four minutes and Markham 5 thirty-three seconds. The idea is to attune ones self with the ambient noise of the room, the noise entering the room from outside and the natural noises of the people within (Lipman 30). The piece has also been said to be an example of freedom in general (Brindle 122). This work had its premiere by pianist David Tudor in Woodstock, New York, on August 29, 1952, in the Maverick Concert Hall (located near where the 1969 Woodstock Festival was held). Cage (interviewed in the late 1980s by William Duckworth) stated that he listened to the piece every day and that in Indian culture, it is we that turn away from the music. However, the music is always there (Bonds 588-589). An original device employed by John Cage was an invention all his own- the prepared piano. A prepared piano is a grand piano where the inside strings are manipulated by foreign objects to produce a twelve-tone scale. Such was the case with Cages composition Bacchanale (1940)- a percussive piece he was commissioned to write to be performed with a dance group. The work was originally intended for percussion instruments, but was relegated to the prepared piano when it was deemed the concert hall was too small for all of the required instrumentation. Cage required that bolts and weatherstripping be attached to the strings connected to the 12 different notes (Bonds 590). John Cages influence in the realm of electronic music began as early as 1937. His composition Imaginary Landscape No. 1 (1939) was one of the first Markham 6 written in the electronic genre. It consisted of recording oscillatory frequencies on two 78rpm gramophone records (Brindle 99). He also wrote a piece comprised of fifty-one tapes (each twenty minutes long) produced on the computer system of Illinois University (Illiac) that could be played in any order along with seven live harpsichords and a light show of sorts. This piece was written in 1967 and titled HPSCHD (Brindle 125). John Cage began to write pieces titled by the number of performers later in his life. For example, the work titled One (1987) was for one pianist. Another work, titled Five (1988) was for string quintet. These pieces are dubbed number pieces (Moser 31). Even these odd little pieces have a structure- the structure being the amount of time the performer has to perform each measure and the number of musicians required for performance. As illustrated with the devices John Cage used in his compositions, his works are very structured and organized. Cage was one of the total serialists, who felt that music composition could be planned and analyzed with the precision of scientific experiments (Lipman 56). In his own words during a lecture in Darmstadt in 1958: The function of the performerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is comparable to that of someone filling in color where outlines are given; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is that of giving form, providing, that is to say, the morphology of the continuity, the Markham 7 expressive content; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is that of a photographer who on obtaining a camera uses it to take a picture; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is comparable to that of a traveler who must constantly be catching trains the departures of which have not been announced but which are in the process of being announced (Moser 8). It is clear by reading these words that Cage finds his music to have form, which is a staple of Western music. In addition, his music is generally left up to the interpretation of the performer- definitively not an aspect of Western music. Even still, form is readily detectable within his works regardless of how the stated form is interpreted by the performers. Another argument concerning music in aleatory is that there are no determinate ways to discern the number of possible arrangements. This simply is not true: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the exact number of realizations of an indeterminate score can often be determinedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Moser 11). In conclusion, John Cage lived during an exciting time in American history. Just after his birth in 1912, the United States found itself fully engaged in World War I. The United States truly became a world power during this time. The enlightenment through his well-rounded and educated parents as well as the Markham 8 excitement and innovations of the new century served John Cage well, as he was able to thrive and grow as an intellectual and musician in this environment. Although his music is sounds extremely dissonant and non-harmonic, it exhibits a high amount of structure. Cages earlier works illustrate a mathematical approach to the music- meaning that the music makes sense based on mathematical principles, but not necessarily traditional ideals surrounding musical composition. The influence of John Cages music can certainly be felt today in late 20th century jazz and numerous other works that allow the performers greater freedoms. Take, for instance, the piece recently performed on the campus of the University of North Carolina at Pembroke. Dr. Joanna Hersey premiered a work for her Low Brass Ensemble at the University of North Carolina at Pembroke titled Sails, Whales and Whalers (2008) by Gary Buttery. This work included recorded whale song interspersed with the live music produced by the L ow Brass Ensemble (Hersey Krosschell). Perhaps Gary Butterys composition was influenced in some way by the works of John Cage. There is no doubt that many musicians past, present, and future have been and will continue to be influenced by Cages maverick attitude toward music. Markham 9